12/22/2023 0 Comments Vega conflict bluetailSuch colour polymorphisms provide excellent opportunities to link the microevolutionary processes that maintain genetic variation within populations ( Le Rouzic et al., 2015 Svensson, 2017 Takahashi et al., 2014) to macroevolutionary dynamics of discrete and heritable traits ( Jamie and Meier, 2020 Willink et al., 2019). Colour polymorphisms are widespread among many animal taxa and their genetic basis is often due to multiple segregating alleles at a single locus, with different degrees of dominance in relation to each other ( Svensson et al., 2009 Wellenreuther et al., 2014). Since these early days, genetic colour polymorphisms became popular study systems to address questions about the maintenance of genetic and phenotypic variation ( Gordon et al., 2015 Llaurens et al., 2017 Mitchell-Olds et al., 2007 Svensson, 2017 Svensson et al., 2009) and the molecular basis behind suites of correlated traits ( Andrade et al., 2019 Gangoso et al., 2011 McKinnon and Pierotti, 2010 Sinervo and Svensson, 2002 Willink et al., 2020 Woronik et al., 2019). ![]() Before the development of molecular tools to quantify genetic variation in natural populations, ecological geneticists and evolutionary biologists often studied discrete and heritable phenotypic polymorphisms governed by one or a few loci ( Dobzhansky, 1970 Ford, 1975 Provine, 1986 Schemske and Bierzychudek, 2001 Svensson, 2017 Turelli et al., 2001). ![]() The evolutionary processes shaping within- and between-population genetic diversity are classical research themes in population genetics and evolutionary biology that go back to the early days of the Modern Synthesis ( Crow and Kimura, 1970 Dobzhansky, 1970 Fisher, 1930 Haldane, 1949, 1932 Hartl and Clark, 1997 Provine, 1986 Wright, 1932, 1931). Our study provides a robust phylogenetic framework for future research on the dynamic macroevolutionary history of this clade with its extraordinary diversity of sex-limited female polymorphisms. We infer the ancestral state of this genus as female monomorphism with heterochrome females, with multiple gains and losses of polymorphisms, evidence of trans-species polymorphisms and a significant positive relationship between polymorphism incidence and current geographic range size. We estimate the age of Ischnura to be between 13.8 and 23.4 millions of years, i.e. Here, we present the first time-calibrated phylogeny of Ischnura, using a multispecies coalescent approach (StarBEAST2), incorporating both molecular data and fossil information of 41 extant species (55% of the genus). These female colour polymorphisms are considered to be maintained by frequencydependent sexual conflict, but their macroevolutionary histories are unknown, due to the lack of a robust molecular phylogeny. Female-polymorphic species contain two or three female morphs, one of which is malecoloured (androchrome or male mimic) and co-exists with sexually dimorphic (heterochrome) females. ![]() In many damselflies, such as in the globally distributed genus Ischnura (forktails), female colour polymorphisms occur in some species. Colour polymorphisms are popular study systems among biologists interested in evolutionary dynamics, genomics, sexual selection and sexual conflict.
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